One of these inventors, Joseph Marie Jacquard, invented a loom in that revolutionized the weaving industry. The key idea behind the loom was that the pattern to be woven into the cloth was encoded by holes punched in a card.
The Jacquard loom required fewer people and little skill to operate, and versions of the loom are still in use today. The Jacquard loom also had a profound impact on computing in that it was the one of the first devices that could be programmed. The loom gave birth to the concept of punched cards, which played a fundamental role in the early days of computing. Charles Babbage, a mathematician and inventor, grew tired of calculating astronomical tables by hand, and conceived of a way to build a mechanical device to perform the calculations automatically.
In Babbage started work on a computing device, the difference engine, to automatically calculate mathematical tables. During the course of his work on the difference engine, he conceived of a more sophisticated machine he called the analytical engine. The analytical engine was meant to be programmed using punched cards, and would employ features such as sequential control, branching, and looping.
Although Babbage never built a complete working model of either machine, his work became the basis on which many modern computers are built. In his work on the analytical engine, Babbage made an important intellectual leap regarding the punched cards. In the Jacquard loom, the presence or absence of each hole in the card physically allows a colored thread to pass or stops that thread. In a modern computer these same parts are called the memory unit and the central processing unit CPU.
Perhaps the key concept that separated the analytical engine from its predecessors was that it supported conditional program execution. This allows the machine to determine what to do next, based upon a condition or situation that is detected at the very moment the program is running. Unlike Babbage, who was interested in building a computing device, Lovelace sought to understand and reason about methods for computing. She studied these methods, their implementations, and the properties of their implementations.
Lovelace even developed a program that would have been able to compute the Bernoulli numbers. Bernoulli numbers comprise a sequence of rational numbers that have many roles in mathematics and number theory. In her published analysis of the analytical engine, Lovelace outlined the fundamentals of computer programming, including looping and memory addressing. The census of the United States proved another milestone in the history of computing when punch cards were used with automatic sorting and tabulating equipment invented by Herman Hollerith to speed the compilation of the data.
After merging with two other companies and changing its name, the company became known as the International Business Machines IBM Corp. The punch card remained a staple of data storage well into the 20th century.
The s were a decade of dramatic events for the world. World War II changed the face of the world and many lives forever. Although terrible atrocities were taking place during this period, it was also a time of innovation and invention in computing. During the s the first electronic computers were built, primarily to support the war. Unfortunately the clouds of war make it difficult to determine exactly who invented the computer first.
Legally, at least in the United States, John Atanasoff is credited as being the inventor of the computer. Atanasoff was a professor of mathematics and physics at Iowa State. Atanasoff was frustrated at the difficulty his graduate students were having finding solutions to large systems of simultaneous algebraic equations for solving differential equations.
Like Babbage, almost years earlier, Atanasoff believed that he could build a machine to solve these equations. Working with graduate student Clifford Berry, Atanasoff completed a prototype of his machine near the end of Atanasoff and Berry sought simplicity in their computer. Perhaps what is most important about this particular machine is that is operated on base-2 numbers binary.
The ABC did not implement the stored program idea, however, so it was not a general-purpose computer. As completed in , the Mark I contained more than , parts, including switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches.
The machine was huge, at 51 feet long, 8 feet high, 2 feet thick, and weighing 5 tons. It had miles of wiring, and three million wire connections. Aiken showed that it was possible to build a large-scale automatic computer capable of reliably executing a program.
Hopper was involved with programming the Mark I from the very start. One of her most significant contributions to the field of computing was the concept of a compiler. The first compiler developed by Hopper was named A-0, and was written in At times it would produce the correct answer, and at other times the same program would produce erroneous results.
Hopper traced the problem down to a faulty relay within the computer. When she physically examined the relay to correct the problem, she discovered that a moth had been trapped in the relay, causing it to malfunction. Once she removed the moth from the relay, the machine functioned normally. The machine contained all of the parts of a modern computer; however, it was not reliable. Its mechanical construction was very complex and error-prone.
The work done by the code breakers at Bletchley Park between London and Birmingham, UK during World War II provided the allies with information that literally turned the tide of the war.
Computers played a vital role in the work of the code breakers and made it possible for them to break the Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. Colossus, a computer developed at Bletchley Park to break ciphers, became operational in Colossus was one of the first major computers to employ vacuum tubes, and was capable of reading information stored on paper tape at a rate of characters per second. Colossus also featured limited programmability. When the allies invaded North Africa in , they discovered that the firing tables they used to aim their artillery were off.
This resulted in requests for new ballistics tables that exceeded the ability to compute them. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert used this opportunity to propose the development of an electronic high-speed vacuum tube computer. Even though many experts predicted that, given the number of vacuum tubes in the machine, it would only run for five minutes without stopping, they were able to obtain the funding to build the machine. Under a cloak of secrecy, they started work on the machine in the spring of They completed their work on the machine in The machine was more than times faster than any machine built to date.
Unlike modern computers, reprogramming ENIAC required a rewiring of the basic circuits in the machine. ENIAC heralded the dawning of the computer age. ECC developed financial difficulties and as a result sold its patents to, and became an employee of, the Remington Rand Corporation. UNIVAC was the fastest computer of the time and was the only commercially available general-purpose computer.
It contained only vacuum tubes and was more compact than its predecessors. Neilson Company market researchers , and Prudential Insurance. By Remington Rand had sold over 40 machines. Opinion polls predicted that Adalai Stevenson would beat Dwight D. Eisenhower by a landslide. For many years, Mauchly and Eckert were considered the inventors of the electronic computer.
In fact they applied for, and received, a patent for their work in After purchasing ECC, Remington Rand owned the rights to their patent and was collecting royalties from firms building computers. The results of this lawsuit legally established John Atanasoff as the inventor of the modern computer.
After the war, commercial development of computers continued, resulting in the development of many new machines that provided improved performance in terms of computing capability and speed.
Computers at this time were large, cumbersome devices that were capable of performing simple operations. These machines were very expensive to build and maintain. The only organizations that could afford to purchase and run the equipment were the government and large corporations. Not surprisingly, many individuals working in the computing field felt that the use of computers would be limited.
Its work resulted in the development of the transistor, which changed the way computers and many electronic devices were built. Transistors switch and modulate electric current in much the same way as a vacuum tube. Using transistors instead of vacuum tubes in computers resulted in machines that were much smaller and cheaper, and that required considerably less electricity to operate.
The transistor is one of the most important inventions in the 20th century. The PDP-8 was one of the first computers purchased by end users. Because of their low cost and portability, these machines could be purchased to fill a specific need. The PDP-8 is generally regarded as the first minicomputer.
The invention of the integrated circuit caused the trend toward smaller, cheaper, and faster computers to accelerate. Popular Electronics featured an article on a kit that home hobbyists could purchase that would enable them to build a computer at home. It ushered in the personal computer era. These initial machines were designed to be built at home, which was fine for the home hobbyist but limited the availability of the machine.
It was now possible for individuals to simply purchase these machines and use them at home. Like any professional, a computer scientist must have an understanding of all of the subdisciplines of the field.
Some of the major disciplines of computer science are algorithms, programming, programming languages, computer hardware, networking, operating systems, database systems, distributed computing, and the ethical issues surrounding the use of computer technology.
There are two major schools of thought when it comes to the education of computer scientists. The depth-first approach is to study one particular topic in depth. For example, many computer science degree programs start out with a course in programming. After taking such a course, students will be proficient programmers, but clearly they will not have enough knowledge of the other subdisciplines of the field to be considered computer scientists.
A second approach is to cover many of the subdisciplines of computer science, but only to the depth required to teach a basic understanding of the principles of each discipline.
After obtaining an overall view of the field, students will then study certain subdisciplines in depth. This is referred to as the breadth-first approach, and is the approach we chose to use in this book. The organization of this text follows the description of computing given in the first section of this chapter.
It begins with a discussion of algorithms, how they are developed, and how they may be compared. We also introduce a formal model of computation. After reading this chapter you will have a basic understanding of algorithm development and will be able to develop algorithms to solve simple problems.
After studying algorithms, the text will focus on the basics of computer hardware. In this chapter you will learn what the major components of the computer are and how they work together. You will also learn about the binary number system and see how it can be used to encode information at the hardware level. The next two chapters will focus on programming. We will first study software in general and discuss how high-level languages can be constructed to provide models in which algorithms can be expressed, and ultimately expressed in a way that the hardware can work with.
In the next chapter we will focus on programming using the programming language Java. The goal of this chapter is not to make you an expert programmer, but instead to introduce you to the basics of programming using a language that is readily available and in wide use. After learning the fundamentals of programming we will focus on operating systems, networking, and databases. The topics covered in these chapters will address common techniques used to manage computer hardware, provide access to network resources, and manage and store data.
Almost every modern computer application uses the technologies discussed in these chapters. The last chapter in the book will discuss some of the social issues of computing. We will also discuss our professional responsibilities when lives depend on the systems on which we work. Apply the algorithm to the number , finding its square root to 2 decimal places. Do not use a computer or calculator! ADA is a language used for Department of Defense applications where human life may be at stake.
What differences would you imagine to find when you compare Perl with ADA? What do you suppose API means with respect to an operating system?
What are some principles you can declare with respect to the ethical and unethical use of computers and software? Which people, if any, have suffered from the advance of computing technology? While computer scientists think a lot about algorithms, the term applies to any method of solving a particular type of problem. The repair manual for your car will describe a procedure, which could also be called an algorithm, for replacing the brake pads.
The turn-by-turn travel instructions from MapQuest could be called an algorithm for getting from one place to another.
Figure shows these dimensions. If you search the web, you can find algorithms—methods—for designing staircases. In either case, for any particular situation, the total rise of the staircase will probably not be an even multiple of 6 or 7 in.
Therefore, the rise of each step must be altered to create a whole number of steps. These rules lead to a procedure for designing a staircase.
Our algorithm for designing a set of stairs will be to: 1 2 3 4 Divide the total rise by 7 in and round the result to the nearest whole number to get the number of steps.
We will apply one of the formulas to see how close this pair of rise and run parameters is to the ideal. Then we will complete the same computations with one more step and one less step, and also compute the values of the formula for those combinations of rise and run. An algorithm is a way of solving a type of problem, and an algorithm is applicable to many particular instances of the problem. A good algorithm is a tool that can be used over and over again, as is the case for our staircase design algorithm.
Electronic Engineering. Computer Science Logo Style Brian Harvey This series is for people who are interested in computer programming because it's fun. Document Information click to expand document information Date uploaded Dec 06, This book was an absolute hell to contend with.
Rapaport This book concentrates on a tightly related group of topics which form the spine of the subject. Search this site. Balakrishanan is a wonderful introduction to graph theory. I decided to write this review after reading some negative reviews of this book. I'm trained in mathematics so I understand that theorems and proofs must be studied carefully and thoughtfully before they make sense.
But if one takes the necessary time with this book he or she will come away with a good grasp of the fundamentals of graph theory. Such major topics as connectivity; Hamiltonian graphs; trees; network flows; matching and factors; graph embeddings; and graph coloring are thoroughly covered with carefully worked out problems and proofs. Important theorems by Whitney; Konig; Hall; and Compjter are all here. MCQs included in the text will help practici… Learn More.
This book works hard to make the somewhat tricky ideas of Scheme accessible. The book is structured as a collection of tasks. The primary aim of its well-known authors is to provide a solid and relevant base of mathematical skills. Learn More! It means the ability to formulate problems, think creatively about solutions. I've taken two courses in Graph Theory; using Robin J!
JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Show 5 10 15 20 In stock. This book fills the need for a concise and conversational book on the growing field of Data Analytics and Big Data. Schaum's Outline of Computer Architecture by Nick Carter This book is entertaining to read and gives a good basic introduction to the subject for anyone who hasn't studied Computer Science.
It uses examples from the publishing industry to introduce the fascinating discipline of Computer Science to the uninitiated. Using databases as an entry to category theory, this book explains category theory by examples, and shows that category theory can be useful outside of mathematics as a rigorous, flexible, and coherent modeling language throughout the sciences.
This book takes readers on a tour through some of the deepest ideas of maths, computer science and physics.
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